Majingilane Male Lions

Information/background has been gathered from various sites (Mala Mala, Londolozi, Djuma, Savanna, Nkorho, Elephant Plains, Singita, Exeter, Arathusa, Ulusaba, Inyati, Wildwatch, Idube, Leopard Hills, Simbambili) and their sightings databases along with helpful Rangers and staff at the various lodges and reserves answering questions sent their way.

Named by Greg Posthumes from the Djuma Bush Lodge. Majingilane means security or marching on the www.officialnhlhockey.com/MARTIN_HAVLAT_JERSEY_AUTHENTIC-c-1_68_85.html line.

First seen in the Djuma area during the latter part of 2009. Some reports of there being six. First thought to be the three Nkuhuma sub adult males and the three Windmill young males. That was later found to not be so even though a Nkuhuma young male was reported to have joined them in the Djuma area in May but later they were seen chasing the same young male and other members of the Nkuhuma pride all the way to the Manyeleti border to the North.

The Majingilane coalition is thought to have come into the area from either Kruger National Park or Manyeleti. Manyeleti has a coalition of five young males that were accompanied by their mother until early in 2010 when she was injured by a buffalo and presumed to have died. Their descriptions match that of the Majingilane males but it has yet to be determined exactly who they are or where they come.

Being young males, they traveled the area in silence. Usually staying Martin Havlat Kids Jersey off the roadways and not roaring to alert other lions in the area to their existence. They frequent MalaMala, Torchwood, Chitwa, and Nkorho areas as well as Djuma.

They were 5 strong on June 8th 2010 when one of the young coalition member was killed by two Mapogo/Mlowathi Males, Kinky Tail Mr T. Later that evening, they got their revenge by killing Kinky Tail, injuring and sending Mr T on the run.

GRAPHIC Videos of Kinky Tail and Mr T attacking and mortally wounded one of the young males of the Majingilane Coalition on the morning of June 8th 2010.

Two male lions attack and kill another male lion Video 1

Two male lions attack and kill another male lion Video 2

Two male lions attack and kill another male lion Video 3

Sounds of Lion War at Nkorho on June 8th when Kinky Tail was killed:

Death of a Mapogo Kinky Tail 06/08/10 pt 1

Death of a Mapogo Kinky Tail 06/08/10 pt 2

Death of a Mapogo Kinky Tail 06/08/10 pt 3

Death of a Mapogo Kinky Tail 06/08/10 pt 4

Since then, they have found a new confidence. They tracked Mr T to Londolozi where he was with the Tsalala pride on June 28th/29th. The four Majingilane males launched an attack that scattered the three adult Tsalala lionesses along with their eight youngsters. Two of the youngsters were killed.

Mr T was slightly injured and ran West to join up with his four coalition brothers. For the first time in a very long time, the surviving Mapogo males came East and were seen in the Marthly area of Londolozi on July 5th roaring loudly as if to reclaim the territory. They eventually headed back into the Western sector. Had they come in search of the Majingilane males?

Again a few days later, the five Mapogo males were seen heading back East towards North Central Sabi Sand. They seem to be on a mission to meet up with the Majingilane males.

Is this new young male coalition strong enough and confident enough to take on the five seasoned Mapogo males? Only time will tell.

Update thru Oct 2010: It seems www.officialnhlhockey.com/CLARK_GRISWOLD_JERSEY_AUTHENTIC-c-1_68_95.html they were Strong Confident enough!

During the very early hours of July 9th, sounds of male lions fighting were heard on the Elephant Plains live cam. The sounds were almost deafening and sounded much like the night at Nkorho when Kinky Tail was killed. No lions were seen and by the am the lions had moved off into Robson. The only signs of a fight were a bloody patch and hair tuffs.

The Western sector had last seen the 5 Mapogo males moving towards the North Central Sabi Sand and then later in the morning of the 9th, only 3 reappeared, Mr T, Authentic Clark Griswold Youth Jersey Makulu the oldest and one other.

Reports of the Majingilane males emerging from the Robson area a day or so later seemed to indicate they had been the lions fighting with the Mapogo males at Elephant Plains.

Sounds of the lions at Elephant Plains July 9th, 2010. Fight?:

Lion Sounds at Elephant Plains 07/09/10 Pt 1

Lion Sounds at Elephant Plains 07/09/10 Pt 2

Lion Sounds at Elephant Plains 07/09/10 Pt 3

UPDATE after the Fight Sounds at Elephant Plains, July 9th 2010. Later in July, one of the missing Mapogo twin brothers reappeared in the Western Sector. He's is the one some know as T2 or Pretty Boy. He was recovering from severe injuries which seemed to include a bent spine. Sadly, his brother (aka Red, Leonides, Rasta/Dreadlocks) never reappeared and it can only be assumed he did not survive the fight. The Majingilanes emerged fairly unscathed by the encounter.

Applications of Decision Theory to Conservation Planning and Management

The conservation of species and ecosystems represents a fundamental challenge for managers and scientists in a world with rapid environmental change, limited resources for management, and a wide range of management strategies. Thus, methodologies are needed for scientists and managers to evaluate the outcomes and net benefits of alternative management scenarios. A decision analysis approach can inform the choice of different management scenarios under uncertainty by employing statistical analyses that explicitly acknowledge the logic by which a decision is reached under conditions of uncertainty (Raiffa 1968, Behn Vaupel 1982, Maguire 1986). In contrast to these more commonly employed methods, statistical decision analysis approaches can go beyond refuting the null hypotheses, allowing the decision maker to use available information to choose among several alternative actions (Winkler 1972). For instance, the Endangered Species Act (1973) requires the establishment of management strategies to recover Steller sea lion populations. Thus, the National Marine Fisheries Service is required to choose among alternative management scenarios and implement a management plan with limited information about the relative efficacy of alternative management strategies. Rather than arbitrarily choosing a management plan, decision analysis approaches provide a more objective and efficient way to allocate resources, whether financial or logistical, for managers who face limited budgets and many priorities to conserve species and protect ecosystems. Here, we discuss how decision analysis can be applied to conservation planning and endangered species management; however, it can be applied more widely to other fields of environmental science.

Figure 1: Steller sea lion pups.

Decision theory is a formal study of rational decision making formed largely by the joint efforts of mathematicians, philosophers, social scientists, economists, statisticians and management scientists (Jeffrey 1983, 1992). However, the use of formal approaches to conservation planning that draw upon decision theory remains limited; yet, as outlined in this introductory paper, they offer a practical, objective, and Brent Seabrook Authentic Jersey promising methodology to decision making that can be applied more often, and that explicitly accounts for uncertainty and risk in environmental management. In this case, risk and uncertainty two central concepts in decision theory are considered two separate entities:

Risk is present when future events occur with measurable probability

Uncertainty is present when the likelihood of future events is indefinite or incalculable (uncertain likelihoods).

Conservation planning represents an ideal case for the use of decision analysis. Conditions under which decision analyses are particularly useful include, 1) complex decisions, 2) a choice under uncertainty, 3) a decision among competing options or when 4) temporal variability in outcomes may exist common scenarios encountered by environmental managers. Under these conditions, decision analysis aids in decision making by quantifying risk, explicitly accounting for uncertainty, and making decisions more Authentic Nick Leddy Kids Jersey objectively and efficiently.

To illustrate the concepts explained in this paper, we use the management of Steller sea lion populations as an example for which this decision theoretic framework can be applied. The recovery of Steller sea lion populations has interested managers and conservation biologists alike, as they were listed as endangered in 1997 (under the Endangered Species Act 1973). The Steller sea lion population decline is potentially linked to the cumulative effects of a number of factors (NMFS 1995). As Steller sea lions were negatively impacted by commercial fisheries and are protected under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), protective measures that constrain fishery management plans were adopted to protect sea lion populations. Under the ESA mandate, each decision within the fishery management system (which is largely driven by economic goals) now requires consideration of its potential impacts on the population persistence of the Steller sea lion.

Given the diversity of potential impacts on the population, there is considerable disagreement about the most appropriate measures to protect the Steller sea lion and restore its population, while minimizing the impact on several important commercial fisheries. In addition to the potential tradeoff between the conservation of Steller sea lions and profits from commercial fisheries, there are high levels of uncertainty in numerous parameters associated with the decline and potential recovery of Steller sea lions, therefore this case provide an exemplary situation to apply a formal and objective decision making methodology.

Approaches based on decision theory can provide objective decision strategies for the management of threatened and endangered species in which managers need to choose among several courses of action under uncertain conditions. Uncertainty can refer to not knowing about the state of the world, the probabilities that our knowledge of all possible states of the world is accurate, or the consequences of a decision in terms of payoffs or losses. The most common type of scenario is when there is uncertainty about the state of the system. While most cases will have associated information and knowledge, it is highly unlikely that the state of the system will be known with absolute certainty. When faced with uncertainty, Maguire (1986) identified two methods of decision analysis that can be used for conservation planning: (1) the development of probabilistic models relating the outcomes of alternative actions to random events in the environment, and (2) the assessment of objectives for different outcomes given specified decision criteria or objectives. The first step of these approaches involves identifying three main components that specify the problem: actions, states, and outcomes (Resnik 1987). Here, actions refer to the decision alternatives, states refer to the relevant possible states of the system in which the decision will be implemented, and outcomes refer to what will occur if a an act is implemented in a particular state of the system. To illustrate how each of these approaches can be used, we will continue to use the example of managing a population of Steller sea lions.

For the Steller sea lion case, three specifications are required: the proposed alternatives or management action (Ai); the states of the system (Si); and the outcome of each act under each state (Oi), where the subscript i represents different versions of the same variable or an event in the set of states, actions and outcomes. First, the states of the system will be specified where each Si represents a hypothesis about the state of the systems with respect to the decline of the Steller sea lion population. The states include

S1: Commercial Nick Leddy Kids Jersey fishing is causing the decline

S2: Marine debris and pollution are causing the decline

S3: Alaska native subsistence harvest is causing the decline

S4: Killer whales are causing the decline

S5: Disease is causing the decline

S6: A broad scale oceanographic regime shift with subsequent impacts on the north Pacific ecosystem, is causing the the decline The relevant management actions to reduce Steller sea lion mortality include

A1: Manage fisheries by x amount

A2: Reduce entanglement in marine debris Authentic Brent Seabrook Kids Jersey and pollution by j amount

A3: Reduces subsistence harvest by m amount

A4: Manage killer whale population by k amount

A5: Vaccinate a proportion, v, of the Steller sea lion population against disease

A6: Do nothing.

In this situation probabilities (pj) will be assigned to each of the possible states. For each alternative/state pair (Ai/Sj) there will be an expected outcome of the proposed management alternatives, Oij, which can be expressed as expected payoffs or expected losses. Each expected outcome, Oij, is also assigned an expected utility, referring to the expected costs and benefits of implementing a management action.

Generally, since decisions are often made under uncertain conditions, uncertainty can be expressed in probabilistic terms so that the analysis of the likelihood of each outcome (according to the rules of probability theory) may allow objective adjudication among management options.

A decision table for this example can be constructed as follows:

This decision analysis framework can allow scientists and managers to explicitly address uncertainty and systematically compare the outcomes, utilities, and uncertainty associated with different management options. For conservation planning, this approach aids in evaluating the potential effects of various management or policy actions. When new information is acquired, uncertainty about either the state of the world or the outcomes of management actions can be reduced, improving the evaluation of management alternatives. Given the extent of human impacts on ecosystems and uncertainty that managers face when deciding among alternative management strategies, this approach shows much promise for complex environmental decision making.

Maguire, L. A. Using decision analysis to manage endangered species populations. Journal of Environmental Management 22, 345 (1986).

Maguire, L. A. Boiney, L. G. Resolving environmental disputes: A framework incorporating decision analysis and dispute resolution techniques. Journal of Environmental Management 42, 31 (1994).

Zwinak carries Niklas Hjalmarsson Authentic Jersey load for Penn State

STATE COLLEGE, Pa. When Penn State running back Zach Zwinak didn't receive the handoff on a fourth quarter red zone play, he nearly had a heart attack.

The play design was a run for him. Given the redshirt junior's recent struggles with fumbling, he thought he may have put the ball on the ground yet again. Zwinak had no idea that Bill O'Brien had instructed quarterback Christian Hackenberg to bail from the exchange and run for the end zone himself.

Except for those two connivers, the play fooled everyone: Zwinak, Purdue's defense, the Big Ten Network's main cameraman. It worked, and Hackenberg trotted in, with reckless disregard for Zwinak's equanimity.

"I didn't know it," Zwinak said. "I turned around, looking for [the ball], and thought I missed it. Then I turned around, saw him running with it, and thought: 'Oh, thank God.' "

The score was the game's last, as Penn State defeated Purdue, 45 21, on Saturday at Beaver Stadium. Zwinak ran for three touchdowns and 149 yards, despite not getting the start.

Starter Bill Belton's second quarter fumble was canceled out by an ensuing interception by Penn State cornerback Jordan Lucas. Zwinak replaced Belton on the following drive, rushing on five of six plays for 39 yards and a touchdown.

The Nittany Lions ran the ball 58 ED Belfour Youth Jersey times in contrast to just 23 pass attempts.

"As long as the team is moving the ball, it doesn't matter," Zwinak said. "But as a running back, you're obviously going to want [the team] to run the ball. . . . It was definitely nice seeing them call the run that many times."

O'Brien said earlier in the week that Penn State's running backs carry "the hopes and dreams of this football team," and that was evident by his ground heavy approach to Saturday's game.

However, when Belton and Zwinak each put the ball on the ground against the Boilermakers, O'Brien's exasperation was palpable from the sidelines. Penn ED Belfour Authentic Jersey State recovered Zwinak's fumble.

"It's frustrating because they're good players and great kids," the coach said. "Better kids than they are players. They feel bad about it, and I feel bad about it.

"You don't want to overemphasize it, because then you got the guy thinking about it all the time. But we've got to stop putting the ball on the ground. That's the bottom line."

For the most part, Zwinak put those http://www.officialnhlhockey.com/NIKLAS_HJALMARSSON_JERSEY_AUTHENTIC-c-1_68_78.html struggles behind him over the Lions' last two games. His fumbling issues aside, he has still excelled in his brutish running style, carrying would be tacklers several extra yards before finally falling down.

"Zach's a levelheaded kid," center Ty Howle said. "He comes in with the same mind set every week, that he's going to run as hard as he can, whether he has 40 carries or 10 carries. He's going to make those carries count, break tackles, and hit the hole. He had a great game, and he does what he always tries do."

definition of flock by the Free Online Dictionary

These nouns denote a number of animals, birds, or fish considered collectively, and some have human connotations. Flock is applied to a congregation of animals of one kind, especially sheep or goats herded by people, and to any congregation of wild or domesticated birds, especially when on the ground. It is also applicable to people who form the membership of a church or to people under someone's care or supervision. Herd is used of a number of animals, especially cattle, herded by people; or of wild animals such as antelope, elephants, and zebras; or of whales and seals. Applied to people, it is used disparagingly of a crowd or of the masses and suggests the gregarious aspect of crowd psychology. Drove is used of a herd or flock, as of cattle or geese, that is Bobby Orr Kids Jersey being moved or driven from one place to another; less often it refers to a crowd of people in movement. Pack is applicable to any body of animals, especially wolves, or of birds, especially grouse, and to a body of hounds trained to hunt as a unit. It also refers disparagingly to a band or group of persons. Gang refers to a herd, especially of buffalo or elk; to a pack of wolves or wild dogs; or to various associations of persons, especially when engaged in violent or criminal pursuits. See Also Synonyms at crowd1.

flock2 (flk)n.1. A tuft, as of fiber or hair.

2. Waste wool or cotton used for stuffing furniture and mattresses.

3. An inferior grade of wool Cheap Steve Larmer Jersey added to cloth for extra weight.

4. Pulverized wool or felt that is applied to paper, cloth, or metal to produce a texture or pattern.

5. See floccule. To stuff with waste wool or cotton.

2. To texture or pattern with pulverized wool or felt.

[Middle English flok, from Old French floc, from Latin floccus, tuft Bobby Orr Authentic Jersey of wool.]

flock1n (sometimes functioning as plural)1. a group of animals of one kind, esp sheep or birds

2. a large number of people; crowd

3. (Christianity / Ecclesiastical Terms) a body of Christians regarded as the pastoral charge of a priest, a bishop, the pope, etc.

4. Rare a band of people; group

vb (intr)1. to gather together or move in a flock

2. to go in large numbers people flocked to the church[Old English flocc; related to Old Norse flokkr crowd, Middle Low German vlocke]

flock2n1. a tuft, as of wool, hair, cotton, etc.

2. (Fine Arts Visual Arts / Furniture)a. waste from fabrics such as cotton, wool, or other cloth used for stuffing mattresses, upholstered chairs, etc.

b. (as modifier) flock mattress http://www.officialnhlhockey.com/STEVE_LARMER_JERSEY_AUTHENTIC-c-1_68_93.html

3. (Clothing, Personal Arts Crafts / Textiles) very small tufts of wool applied to fabrics, wallpaper, etc., to give a raised pattern

4. (Chemistry) another word for floccule

vb (tr) to fill, cover, or ornament with flock[from Old French floc, from Latin floccus; probably related to Old High German floccho down, Norwegian flugsa snowflake]

Greg Fields joined WFAATV in April 1998.

Greg began his career back in 1989 in his hometown of Lexington, Kentucky. From there he moved on to Tyler, Texas; Tampa, Florida and Kansas City before landing Wholesale Jerseys in Dallas.

He is a graduate of Western Kentucky University cheap nfl jerseys with a degree in Physical Geography/Meteorology. His onair work has earned the American Meteorological Society's "AMS Seal of Approval."

One of Greg's most exciting weather moments was, flying into developing thunderstorms with the Hurricane Hunters. During the flight the plane was actually struck by lightning! He was even lucky enough to catch the lightning bolt on video. In Greg's words "that was pretty cool!"

When he doesn't have cheap jerseys his head in the clouds, Greg spends a lot of time visiting area schools. He teaches kids about weather and discusses the importance of making the right choices in life.

Greg considers himself to be a bit of a sports junkie. He is a diehard Kentucky Wildcat basketball fan. GO BIG BLUE! And during football season his favorite color is burnt orangeHOOK 'EM HORNS! He also keeps wholesale jerseys a close eye on the Cowboys and Mavericks.